Philosophy Essays - Ancient Greek Philosophers, Dialogues Of Plato

Philosophy Essays - Ancient Greek Philosophers, Dialogues Of Plato Philosophy When I was born, I did not know the difference between right and wrong. Now, I do. The word philosophy means the love of knowledge. One type of knowledge is propter quid, which ask the question why or how. In this paper, I will demonstrate how Socrates, Hume and Aristotle, three well known philosophers, would explain how I acquired this knowledge in relation to the principles of right and wrong. Socrates is the first philosopher, I will discuss. Since Socrates did not write anything down, Socrates thinking is told through his student, Plato, who wrote his teachers? thoughts. Socrates is an idealist who believes that things are in born. Therefor he believed that before we are born our soul knows everything, but when we are born our mind is a tabular rasa (blank slate). As we grow day by day, we recollect the knowledge from our soul. ? the soul, that is, the human mind, before it is united with the body, is aquatinted with the intelligible world or the world of Forms. In this prior existence, the true knowledge. After its union with a human body, a person?s mind contains its knowledge deep in its memory. True knowledge in this world consists of remembering, in reminiscence or recollection. What the mind or soul once knew is raised to present awareness by a process of recollection aided by the technique of dialect or the Socratic method. (Stumpf 260) This is known as the theory of recollection. The theory of recollection is told through Plato in the Phaedo and the Meno. In the theory of recollection "Socrates? answer to the paradox is that knowledge is recollection. This thesis allows a man to have ideas of which he later becomes conscious by recollection; thereby overcoming the sharp division between not-knowing and knowing, and justifying inquiry." (Sternfeld, 35) Socrates states in the Meno " A man cannot inquire about what he knows, because he knows it, and in that case he is in no need of inquiry, nor again can he inquire about what he does not know, since he does not know what he is to inquire." (Plato 80E) This theory of recollection may explain why we often say that we had certain knowledge before we leaned it or heard it for the first time. It is often said that we are born with concepts and it is these concepts that structure our minds, beliefs, and actions. "In his dialogue entitled the Meno, Plato illustrates how Socrates is able to show that even a young uneducated slave boy knows some truths of geometry not because somebody taught him that subject but because be naturally knows the relationship of various ideas to each other." (Stumpf 260) This quote illustrates how Socrates thought that the uneducated boy knew geometry. He recollected it from his soul. In the Meno, Socrates states that the boy is "recovering by oneself knowledge within oneself." (Plato 85D) Knowledge in the Meno is perceived as having an acquaintance with the object, but not knowing how it functions. Socrates states here that true knowledge is that is learned. Once learned, we remember that knowledge and apply it when needed. This can be done through recollection or memory. As an occasion arises that requires the use of this knowledge, we can use the abilities of our mind and recollect the knowledge for the circumstance. I interpret Socrates to mean that I was born with a knowledge of right and wrong, but I needed to experience situations where I needed to recall this knowledge. He makes reference to the initial knowledge being in the soul. Hume is the second philosopher I will discuss. Hume?s beliefs are different from Socrates. Hume believes that we were born knowing nothing, and everything is learned. He feels that as we grow, we learn the difference between right and wrong from our experiences. The present comes from the senses and the past is in our memory. Hume shows how knowledge begins form the experiences we encounter through our five senses. It is said of Hume "?it is the use he makes of the principle or the association of ideas, which enters into most of his philosophy. The principle of association

Keynesian Theory And The New Deal Essays - Economy, Free Essays

Keynesian Theory And The New Deal Essays - Economy, Free Essays Keynesian Theory and the New Deal The crash of the stock market brought many hard times. Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal was a way to fix these times. John Stuart Mill and John Maynard Keynes were two economists whose economic theories greatly influenced and helped Franklin D. Roosevelt devise a plan to rescue the United States from the Great Depression it had fallen into. John Stuart Mill was a strong believer of expanded government, which the New Deal provided. John Maynard Keynes believed in supply and demand, which the New Deal used to stabilize the economy. Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal is the plan that brought the U.S. out of the Great Depression. It was sometimes thought to be an improvised plan, but was actually very thought out. Roosevelt was not afraid to involve the central government in addressing the economic problem. The basic plan was to stimulate the economy by creating jobs. First Roosevelt tried to help the economy with the National Recovery Administration. The NRA spread work and reduced unfair competitive practices by cooperation in industry. Eventually the NRA was declared unconstitutional. Franklin D. Roosevelt then needed a new plan. Keeping the same idea of creating jobs he made many other organizations devoted to forming jobs and in turn helping the economy. One of those organizations was the Civilian Conservation Corps. This corps took men off the streets and paid them to plant forests and drain swamps. Another of these organizations was the Public Works Administration. This organization employed men to build highways and public buildings. These were only some of the organizations dedicated to creating jobs. Creating jobs was important because it put money in the hands of the consumer. This directly affected the supply and demand. The more money they had the more they could spend. This would slowly start a chain reaction and bring the economy back to the way it was before the depression. By the end of the 1930's this plan had lowered unemployment to 17.2%. To make these organizations it was going to take money. Roosevelt had to deficit spend, which is when the government spends more than their budget in one year, in order to obtain this money. Of course these ideas of supply and demand and active government didn't just come to him. He was influenced by John Maynard Keynes and John Stuart Mill. There philosophies were the basis of the New Deal. John Stuart Mill, who began studying economics at age 13, was one of the most influential political thinkers of the mid-Victorian period. He believed in empiricism and utilitarianism. Empiricism is the belief that legitimate knowledge comes only from experience. Utilitarianism is the belief by which things are judged right or wrong. It is judged according to their consequences. In a way he was a hypocrite. When the economy was good he believed in Laisezz-Faire, which means "hands off." If the economy was bad, though, he believed in an extended role of government. This simply meant that the government should take part in the economy and try to make it better. The New Deal was a very active government plan because it had the government working directly to make jobs and fix the economy. Mill died in 1873 and would never had a chance to talk to Franklin D. Roosevelt. In a press conference Franklin D. Roosevelt once said, "I brought down several books by English economists and leading American economists, I suppose I must have read different articles by fifteen different experts."(Schlesinger, Pg.650) This writing indirectly steered Roosevelt towards a plan which expanded the role of government. Mill gave Franklin D. Roosevelt the basis of the plan, but it needed to be elaborated on. John Maynard Keynes was the man to do this. John Maynard Keynes, one of the most influential economists of the 20th century. For many years he was an active voice in economics. In 1929 he wrote We Can Conquer Unemployment and in 1930 he wrote his Treatise on Money. Ten years before he died he wrote his General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money. Above all he believed in supply and demand. This was an indirect way to let the economy balance itself. In

Leadership in The Healthcare Sector Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4250 words

Leadership in The Healthcare Sector - Essay Example These codes can be viewed as a formulation of personal responsibility. The most identifiable significance being the mode of commitment that an individual possesses. In general, sense the code possesses all aspects of professional situation as both a human and a proficient member of the organization. It is obvious that an organization is formed with human aspects and for an organization to become ethical, it is important the human aspects be indulged into following the code. It is imperative that these codes of ethics would be subjective and open to individual interpretations but it should also be noted that in such incident these codes, phrases, or word of the codes would be judged upon individual approach of humane solution. (Zimmerman, 2002) In this respect of Ethics and Leadership qualities of an organization, it would be relevant to mention the emergence of Professional Care Organization (PCO, a newly established health care organization). Its very existence may be definitely seen as a paradigm shift. The clientele is the public in need of medical treatment. The organization employs a staff of 120 professionals (doctors, paramedics, assistants, nurses, health-care assistants, and maintenance staff). PCO intends to become the leading health-care services provider in its region. It also plans to alter the general conception for high medical care costs by implementing a society benefit program that will allow to significantly reducing the patients' expenditures. The modern American health industry is going through a difficult period, one characterized by new concerns about rising health costs. The major concern that had directed medicine until that time was that Americans required more medical care-more than the marketplace would offer by itself. Now, however, worries about high expenditures are replacing concerns about expanding access. The country's focus turns to the matter of redundant procedures, excessive rates of surgery and hospitalization, and repetition of facilities and equipment. The appearance indicates the growing appeal of scientific and rational approaches to social concerns, including health related questions. PCO symbolizes a way to smooth the playing field and to bring arrangement and order as well as scientific reasoning to the, at times, inefficient health care system. Analytical foundation gives society a structure for posing a range of questions related to priority-establishment. It lets the public evaluate existing al ternatives, explore hypothetical